Primary Sources

  1.  Leigh Bienen, et al. “The Chicago Homicide Database,” Northwestern Law School, 2012. Available via The Chicago Homicide Project at http://homicide.northwestern.edu.
  2. Senate Report on the Chicago Police System, Committee of Investigation appointed by the 40th General Assembly Special Session 1897-1898. Available at http://homicide.northwestern.edu/pubs/pia/.
  3. Report of Investigation of the Discipline and Administration of the Police Department of the City of Chicago, by Alex. R. Piper, Captain, U.S. Army, Retired, March 17, 1904, (City Club of Chicago).
  4. City of Chicago. Report of the City Council Committee on Crime of the City of Chicago, March 22, 1915. Available at http://homicide.northwestern.edu/docs_fk/homicide/ccreport/ccreport.toc.pdf.
  5. Ernest W. Puttkammer, A Manual of Criminal Law and of Criminal Procedure for Police, The University of Chicago Press (Chicago, IL 1930), available at URL: http://homicide.northwestern.edu/pubs/MCLCPP/.
  6. Illinois Crime Survey (1929), published by Illinois Association for Criminal Justice in cooperation with The Chicago Crime Commission. Available at URL: http://homicide.northwestern.edu/pubs/icc/.
  7. Senate Report on Investigation of the employment of Pinkerton Detectives in Connection with the labor troubles at Homestead, PA, 52nd U.S. Congress, 2nd Sess., 1893, Senate Report No. 1200, p. 12 and 51.
  8. Pinkerton, Allan, The Spy of the Rebellion Being a True History of the Spy System of the U.S. Army during the late Rebellion, Compiled from Official Reports by Allan Pinkerton under the nom-de-plume of Maj. E.J. Allen, Chief of the U.S. Secret Service (G.W. Dillingham, 1883). Available online at URL: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2001.05.0172%3Achapter%3D26.
  9. Pinkerton, Allan, Strikers, Communists, Tramps and Detectives, (Spaulding & Co., New York 1878).
  10. Flinn, J.J., Wilkie, J.E., History of the Chicago Police: From the Settlement of the Community to the Present Time, Under Authority of the Mayor and Superintendent of the Force, Under the auspices of the Police book fund, 1887, accessible online via URL: https://books.google.com/books?id=_yYDAAAAMAAJ.
  11. Illinois Historical Survey, The Chicago Police Department, “Facts” and Historical Data, by Richard J. Daley, Mayor and Timothy J. O’Conner, Commissioner of Police, published by the Chicago Police Department (Chicago, 1955). Available at URL: https://archive.org/stream/factshistoricald00chic/factshistoricald00chic_djvu.txt.
  12. ‘William and Mary, 1692: An Act for encouraging the apprehending of Highway Men [Chapter VIII Rot. Parl. pt. 3. nu. 3.]’, in Statutes of the Realm: Volume 6, 1685-94, ed. John Raithby (s.l, 1819), pp. 390-391. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol6/pp390-391 [accessed 20 May 2018]

Secondary Sources

  1. Amy Crawford, Outlaw Hunters: The Pinkerton Detective Agency chased down some of America’s most notorious criminals, Smithsonian.com published online URL: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/outlaw-hunters-163405565/#R3FQbluyJVsjTiUk.99.
  2. Norman Bolotin & Christine Laning, The World’s Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893, University of Illinois Press, (1992).
  3. Joh, Elizabeth E., The Paradox of Public Policing, J. of Crim. Law & Criminology, Vol. 95, No. 1, Northwestern Univ. School of Law (2004).
  4. Flinn, John S., History of the Chicago Police, (Montclair NJ: Patterson Smith, 1887/1973).
  5. John P. Senning, W.W. Danenhower, Henry S. Jennings, and Buckner S. Morris, The Know-Nothing Movement in Illinois 1854-1856, Read before the Illinois State Historical Society, Springfield, IL, May 18, 1912, J. of IL State Historical Society (1908-1984) Vol. 7, No. 1 (Apr. 1914), pp. 7-33 available at JSTOR URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40193938.
  6.  Monkkonen, Eric H., Police in Urban America, 1860-1920, (Interdisciplinary Perspective on Modern History), Cambridge University Press (1981), ISBN 052153125X.
  7. Morn, Frank, The Eye that Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, Indiana University Press, (1937, Bloomington, IL), ISBN 0253320860.  
  8. Sparrow, Malcolm K. Ph.D., Managing the Boundary between Public and Private Policing, New Perspectives in Policing Bulletin, Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice 2014. NCJ247182.

Internet Sources

  1. History of the Pinkerton’s, URL: www.Pinkertons.com
  2. History of the Chicago City Police from URL: www.chicagopolice.org
  3. History of Chicago, Policing in the Nineteenth Century, from Encyclopedia of Chicago History at URL: encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org.
  4. Chicago Police History URL: www.chicagocop.com.
  5. Newsletter: The Bertillon System of Identification, National Law Enforcement Museum Insider, Vol 3, Iss. 9, Nov. 2011 at URL.http://www.nleomf.org/museum/news/newsletters/online-insider/november-2011/bertillon-system-criminal-identification.html
  6. Chicago Police Department, Pinkerton’s, Columbia Guards, etc. from Wikipedia.org
  7. Allan Pinkerton and History of Chicago Police, Encyclopedia Britannica, URL: https://www.britannica.com/

Photographic Sources

All photographs are Pre-1923 photographs which are copyright free, nevertheless, photographs used in the timeline are largely from the Library of Congress Digital Collections, Wikimedia Commons or as otherwise cited.